MECHANICSVILLE, Va. (DML) — The woman on the left is my grandmother, Yut-Seul Yee (or Yee Yut-Seul in proper Chinese naming order). The woman on the right is my great-grandmother, Myrtle Mae Robinson Yee (or Jackson or something else). My great-grandmother tended to be guarded about her origins.

Actually, she outright lied about them. Sometimes the reason was understandable, such as to get around anti-miscegenation laws in effect at the time that she remarried after my great-grandfather Yee Jock Leong’s death. Other times, I’m not sure why—maybe because of some unnecessary shame over the fact that she descended from former slaves.

My great-grandmother was born Myrtle Mae Robinson. My mom was always under the impression that my great-grandmother was half-Chinese and half-Spanish. According to my mother’s “Statement of Personal History” from the time of her enlistment in the U.S. Air Force, my mom listed Myrtle’s birth details as 5 Apr 1894 in Santa Barbara, California. We have a vague Bible record to back that up.

But that past was a fiction created by my great-grandmother. I cannot say with certainty why she was so secretive about her past. I am sure some of her motivation stemmed from the daily racism she encountered in American life. She did pass herself off as white, for example, in order to remarry an Irishman in Indiana after my great-grandfather, Yee Jock Leong (1883-1936) died. She and my great-grandfather (who was persecuted by the federal government as a result of the Chinese Exclusion Acts) faced a racist backlash from his Chinese family when their relationship began. So it may make sense that, after my great-grandfather’s death, my great-grandmother tried to rewrite our—or at least her—family history.

If she was embarrassed by her history, she need not have been. It is one thing to dissemble to get around laws that had no business being on the books, but as for the rest . . . well, slavery wasn’t a choice.

The fact is that African Americans did not submit to slavery. They resisted in many ways. They often intentionally worked slowly and inefficiently, sometimes they sabotaged their owner’s crops and property. They planned or participated in what was largely unsuccessful revolts. The most effective resistance option, yet one fraught with danger, was escape to freedom. In the years before the Civil War, many escaped.

The Underground Railroad was a conduit for escaped slaves to flee to freedom in Canada, a British dominion where slavery had been outlawed. Canada was an ideal location for escaped slaves to flee to, as it was under no obligation to return escaped slaves back to the United States, whereas escaped slaves (and free blacks) in the U.S. were under constant fear of being “arrested” and returned to (or kidnapped into as in the case of Solomon Northrup) bondage under the Fugitive Slave Law.

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My great-grandmother’s cover story began to unravel because of a family mystery that I was damned determined to solve.

My mom never knew who her father was, and my grandmother died with the secret. In the 1980s, I was sent to Cincinnati, Ohio, for some USEPA training as part of my job. Given that my mom was born in nearby Dayton, I went there to see if I could find her birth certificate. I found nothing for my mom, therefore found no solution to the mystery I started with.

I did find birth records for my grandmother and birth and death records for her two siblings (both of whom died in infancy). The family physician, an A.A. Smith, consistently listed my great-grandmother’s race as “Negro” or “Colored.”

Initially, I dismissed the notations. My great-grandmother had something of the look of a Filipina—which would fit the story my mother believed of her being half Chinese/half Spanish—and with the darker skin it could have been an honest mistake on the doctor’s part. My dismissal of his identification changed when I (trained as a biologist) started investigating genetic ancestry. I encouraged my mom to take it up, too. We found that we both have African American ancestry.

Smith, the family doctor, actually knew what he was talking about.

As I began searching for more records of my great-grandmother’s ancestry, I started finding plenty of records for a Myrtle Mae Robinson in Ann Arbor. Add to that the fact that we discovered in my grandmother’s scrapbooks a lot of material showing that my great-grandmother grew up in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and it is easy to infer that something did not add up with my great-grandmother’s self-professed backstory.

Myrtle Mae Robinson’s parents, according to the 1900 U.S. Census (above), were William A. and Hannah Robinson. Hannah Robinson was named Hannah Marie Woods at the time of her marriage to William Robinson in Ann Arbor on Nov. 20,1890. She was listed in the 1900 U.S. Census as Black. Her death certificate (May 30, 1908) said she was born in Kentucky on Aug. 4, 1862, and that her parents were Calace Taylor and Catherine Cox. Hannah’s trail to the past ends with the names of her parents and her origins in Kentucky.

William A. Robinson (1863-1937) is another matter. He frequently appears in the U.S. Census from Michigan (1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930; much of the 1890 U.S. Census was destroyed in a fire). His home still exists in Ann Arbor (at least it did the last time I looked at the image on Google Maps). He is consistently listed as Black and that he was born in Canada. His parents were John A. Robinson (ca. 1836-after 1910) and Harriet Ann Taylor (ca. 1847-1898).

All the U.S. Census records in which John A. Robinson is named (1870, 1880, 1900, 1910) list his birthplace as Virginia and his race as Black. The birthplace of his parents is variously listed as Kentucky (1880), Virginia (1900), or Africa (1910).

As yet, I have found no records of John Robinson’s sojourn in Canada in that nation’s records, but I know that he lived there before returning to the United States after the Civil War. Several of his children were born there: in addition to my great-great grandfather, William, my great-great-great-uncles James H. (ca. 1865) and John W. (1869) and my great-great-great-aunt Elzina (1867) were born in Canada. His wife, Harriet Ann Taylor, was also born in Canada.

By 1870, John Robinson, Harriet Taylor, and their children William A., James H., Elzina, and John W. resided in Pittsfield, Michigan.

Harriet Ann Taylor is listed in the 1861 Canadian Census as living with her parents, Peter Taylor (ca. 1814-1880) and Margaret White (ca. 1828-1888), in Peel Township in southern Ontario near the modern cities of Kitchener and Guelph. She is listed as Black in the 1861 Census of Canada and in the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Census.

Peter Taylor is listed as a farmer in the 1851 Census of Canada for Peel Township and living with his wife, Margaret, his daughter Harriet; son Samuel; and daughter Janie (probably Margaret J.). His birthplace is variously listed as Maryland or Virginia. His birth year ranges from 1811 to 1815, depending on the source. The 1861 Census of Canada lists three additional children: David, Frances, and James. The 1871 Census of Canada revealed an additional child, Albert.

Margaret White’s birthdate is harder to pin down, ranging from 1821 to 1831, depending on the source consulted. Her birthplace, like Peter Taylor’s, is given as either Maryland or Virginia.

By 1880 their family was living in Ann Arbor, Michigan. According to the 1880 U.S. Census, Peter Taylor’s and Margaret White’s parents were born in Virginia. The family’s religion is listed in Canadian Census data as Western Methodist (1851), Episcopal Methodist (1861), or Methodist (1871). This may prove relevant later.

This leaves me with (at least) three confirmed African American ancestors who were born in the United States and who were living in Canada before or during the Civil War:

• My great-great-great-grandfather John A. Robinson,
• My great-great-great-great-grandfather Peter Taylor,
• My great-great-great-great-grandmother Margaret White.

From the time I discovered the Canadian Connections, I suspected my ancestors had taken the Underground Railroad to freedom. But I had little evidence to back it up until I learned more about their community in Peel Township, Wellington County, Ontario. That community was commonly called Queen’s Bush.

He and my great-grandmother had three children: My grandmother, Yee Yut-seul Jackson, born on November 5, 1920, in Dayton; a son, Yee Poy Quon Jackson, born on February 28, 1924, in Dayton (also see birth registration) and died on December 30, 1925, in Dayton; and another daughter, Yee Yet Yut Moy Jackson, born on February 20, 1926, in Dayton (also see birth registration) and died on March 17, 1926, in Dayton.  The two children who died were buried in Woodland Cemetery in Dayton. The burial of Yee Poy Quon Jackson was paid for on January 11, 1926.

Yee Jock Leong died on December 4, 1936, in Dayton.  According to his death certificate, he died of acute phthysis—a complication of tuberculosis.  Obituaries were published in both Dayton newspapers, The Dayton Daily News and the Dayton Journal.  He was buried in a numbered grave in Calvary Cemetery.

Yee Jock Leong began a new family here, however. He married my great-grandmother, Myrtle Mae Robinson, on December 17, 1915. My great-grandmother gave the impression that she was an orphan an orphan of Chinese and Mexican descent and that she was born about 1892 in Santa Barbara, California. We thought she was raised by a couple of sisters, Katherine Scott and Hannah M. Robinson, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  (Yee Jock Leong’s address books contain several Robinson/Robison addresses in the Ann Arbor area.) More on that later.

It wasn’t unusual for Chinese men to take additional wives. Dong Shee would have been the first wife (in a Confucian sense), and my great-grandmother would have been a second wife.

The first marriage could have been a false one, too, in an effort to sneak a “paper son” back to the United States. He did not mention a marriage upon his return to the United States in 1908, but he was not asked about one in the immigration interview, either. Nevertheless, the fact that some of the letters seem to indicate the existence of a Chinese family would make this instance unlikely.

I likewise wonder what happened in China on his 1914-1915 trip. He initially intended to stay five months and bring his son to the United States, but instead stayed for more than a year and left his son behind in China. Something clearly did not go as planned.

As for my great-grandmother, she seemed to spend a lot of her life denying her real origins. She was African American, a descendant of former slaves. She was no orphan. Her father was William A. Robinson, a descendant of slaves who escaped to freedom in Canada via the Underground Railroad. Her mother was Hannah Marie (Woods) Robinson, a descendant of slaves from Kentucky. Given the racism of the time that both she and Yee Jock Leong faced, it makes sense that she would have wanted to deny her African origins. But those efforts left us with significant challenges in puzzling out her family’s past.

On April 14, 1914, in preparation of what turned out to be his final trip to China, Yee Jock Leong filed a Form 430 requesting a pre-investigation of his citizenship status in order to ease his return. Immigration officials interviewed him in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the same day. Inspector L.B. Spaun reported favorably on Yee Jock Leong’s request, and his report began circulating up the bureaucratic ladder.

The inspector in charge at Pittsburgh, W.W. Sibray, forwarded the documents to the commissioner of immigration in San Francisco on May 28, 1914.

In San Francisco, a clerk on Angel Island forwarded Yee Jock Leong’s immigration file to the commissioner’s office on June 2, 1914. The inspector in charge at San Francisco, Charles Mehan, forwarded the entire file to the Immigration Service’s Law Section on June 2. W.E. Walsh of the Law Section approved Spaun’s recommendation on the same day, and Samuel W. Backus, the commissioner of immigration at San Francisco, gave his approval on June 3.

Sibray wrote Yee Jock Leong on June 8, 1914, saying that the immigration officer present at the Port of San Francisco will approve his application to be recognized a native-born citizen as soon as he presents himself with the appropriate documents prior to his departure for China. Yee Jock Leong departed for China on June 25 on board the S.S. Siberia.

On September 2, 1914, Yee Jock Leong wrote W.W. Sibray from Diehai, Sun Ning District, Canton (Guangdong) China to let Sibray know that he was planning to return in November with his son. He asked Sibray to contact the immigration officials in San Francisco. Sibray investigated the matter, then on October 20, 1914, kicked the issue upstairs to the commissioner of immigration for Philadelphia, recommending that the San Francisco office was the one that needed to deal with Yee Jock Leong’s concerns. The next day, E.E. Grunawalt, commissioner of immigration for Philadelpia, washed his hands of the affair and forwarded the Yee Jock Leong’s letter and other materials to the commissioner of immigration’s office in San Francisco.

Yee Jock Leong did not return in November 1914. Yee Jock Leong sailed from Hong Kong on board the Siberia. He was bound for San Francisco, as indicated in his passenger card. His health was monitored the entire trip, and his health inspection card indicates that he had been vaccinated (against smallpox, I would imagine, but I do not know for sure).

When Yee Jock Leong arrived at the Port of San Francisco on June 29, 1915, he did not have his son with him. There are no records of the Immigration Service’s decision as to whether or not he could bring his son to the United States, and I have no other information to explain why he failed to bring his son.

Yee Jock Leong was interviewed and granted permission to debark from the ship on the day he arrived.

On July 1, 1915, Yee Jock Leong applied for an certificate of identity from the Immigration Service. He asked that the completed card be delivered to 830 Grant Avenue, San Francisco, where he was apparently staying prior to his return to Irwin, Pennsylvania. The identity card was issued on July 2.

Yee Jock Leong boarded a train in Oakland about July 19, 1915, bound for Chicago. His Pullman ticket is stamped for both the 19th and 20th.

As far as I can tell, he never went back to China.

The Siberia and its sister ship, the S.S. Korea, were built at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co. in 1902 for the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. Both were involved in the trans-Pacific trade. The Siberia, for instance, transported Jack London and other war correspondents to Japan and Korea in 1904 to cover the Russo-Japanese War (which ended in Russia’s crushing naval defeat at Tsushima). The Siberia and Korea were sold to Toyo Kisen Kaisha of Yokohama, Japan, in 1916, and served for 14 more years. The two ships were scrapped in 1934.

By December 24, 1905, Yee Jock Leong had reached his destination, for he was married to Dong Shee on that day in Jew Kee Village, Sun Ning District, Quangdong Province, China. He remained there for almost three years, but returned to San Francisco via the S.S. Korea (above) on 29 April 1908.

This time, the return process was streamlined. Yee Jock Leong was briefly interviewed on April 30. He mentioned that he knew a Yee Him Wah of Po Sang Tong & Co., of 812 Dupont Street, San Francisco. Yee Him Wah was subpoenaed to appear at the Chinese Bureau office and testify on behalf of Yee Jock Leong.

The Chinese inspector recommended that Yee Jock Leong be allowed to enter the United States on May 1, 1908. On May 8, 1903, the documents from the 1903 investigation were forwarded to Chinese Inspector in Charge of the Port of San Francisco.

Little more than four months after Yee Jock Leong returned to San Francisco—on September 9, 1908, his first son, Yee Kee Quon, was born in Joe Kee Lee Village, Sun Ning District, Guangdong Province, China.

From what I can tell from the CEA file, the family began preparing before Yee Jock Leong left China. Immigration authorities began interviewing Yee Kim Wo and associates in April 1903. The goal of the interviews was to determine: 1) whether or not Yee Kim Wo was actually a merchant (see above); and 2) whether Yee Jock Leong was Yee Kim Wo’s son. Yee Kim Wo, in his affidavit, attested to both. Four white businessmen—William J. Gardner, Horace Scott, James R. Keutzel, and J.P. Hughes—attested in an affidavit that Yee Kim Wo had been a merchant with the firm of Kow Kee Jan & Co. for at least one year. Yim Fook Fim attested in his affidavit that Yee Jock Leong was Yee Kim Wo’s son, and that he had visited Yee Jock Leong in China.

Yee Jock Leong returned to San Francisco on board the S.S. America Maru (right) on August 17, 1903. From what I can tell, the America Maru was built by Swan & Hunter Ltd., of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England in 1897-1898. The ship may have brought rats carrying Plague to Honolulu, Hawai’i in October 1899. Authorities burned down Honolulu’s Chinatown—where the outbreak was centered—in an effort to control the epidemic. The Chinese population in Hawai’i dwindled afterward.

The Plague outbreak in Honolulu was not the America Maru’s last encounter with history. The ship was part of the Japanese fleet at the Battle of Tsushima on May 27, 1905, picking up survivors of two Russian ships, the cruiser Svyetlana and the destroyer Buistri, sunk by the Japanese cruisers Otowa and Niitaka.

The America Maru’s career came to an end during World War II. For at time the vessel served as a hospital ship, but later in the war it was converted to a transport. America Maru was sunk by the USS Nautilus (SS-168) while the submarine was on its eighth war patrol. On March 6, 1944, Nautilus attacked a Japanese convoy about 420 miles north-northwest of Saipan and sunk the America Maru at 22°19’N, 143°54’E. Nautilus then endured but survived a counterattack by the Japanese torpedo boat Otori.

Yee Jock Leong was given a certificate of identity upon his arrival in San Francisco on April 17, 1903, but he was detained on the America Maru for several days while another investigation of his citizenship status was conducted. He was interviewed at length by immigration investigators on August 18, 1903. During that interview, he said he came back to the United States to learn English and business. His father, Yee Kim Wo was interviewed on August 21, as was Ow Yung You. James R. Neutzel and William J. Gardner, two of the white men who signed the affidavit attesting to Yee Kim Wo’s merchant status, were likewise interviewed on the 21st and 22nd, respectively.

The interviews of Yee Jock Leong, Yee Kim Wo and Ow Yung You were interesting. They were asked some of the same questions as a check of inconsistencies in their stories. There were some minor inconsistencies, especially regarding the details of the Yee house in Lee Yin Village, but none were apparently significant enough to raise the suspicions of the investigators. Leading questions were asked — such as about an alleged scar over the right eye of Yee Jock Leong’s mother, Wong Shee, to which Ow Yung You skilfully answered, “I never noticed that; it is impolite to stare a lady in the face.” An affidavit attesting that Yee Jock Leong was Yee Kim Wo’s son was drawn up for Ow Yung You’s signature following his interview. It also attested to the fact that Yee Jock Leong was a native-born citizen of the United States.

On August 22, 1903, Chinese inspector Ward E. Thompson recommended that Yee Jock Leong be allowed entry into the country on the grounds that he was both a native-born American citizen as well as a merchant’s son. Yee Jock Leong was landed, and was issued both a landing receipt and a certificate that would allow him to obtain copies of his immigration papers.

Some immigration official—his name appears to be O.P. Fadger—on August 24, 1903, requested permission to copy some of the documents in order to complete Yee Jock Leong’s file.

As I learned later, Yee Jock Leong’s father, Yee Kim Wo (right), first came to the United States in K.S. 2nd year (the second year of Emperor Kwang Sui), or 1876. There are no records of when during the year, nor of what ship he came on. I estimate his date of birth to be circa 1850. (This is an unadulterated guess, however.) I do not know when or where Yee Kim Wo married Wong Shee, but they were living on the second floor of a building at 741 Sacramento Street — Yee Kim Wo worked as a merchant at Quong Hing Lung & Co., a general merchandise firm on the ground floor of the building — at the time Yee Jock Leong was born in 1884.

I suspect that Wong Shee was in San Francisco with Yee Kim Wo by 1882, for the first Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress in the Spring of 1882 and signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6 of that year. The law almost completely prohibited the immigration of Chinese to the United States, because “in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof.” Those who were already in the United States at the time the act was passed, but who left the country afterward, could re-enter the United States ONLY if they had obtained a certificate prior to their departure from a U.S. port. Legal immigrants, such as Yee Kim Wo, were denied U.S. citizenship, however.

Yee Kim Wo held a shaving ceremony for Yee Jock Leong at the Hom Fa Lau Restaurant in San Francisco shortly after the birth. From what I can find out by searching the Web, head-shaving ceremonies are common in East Asia. In Buddhist families, for example, when a baby is about one month old his head is gently shaved and cotton tied around the wrists in the belief that the ceremony will bring blessings to the child. Yee Kim Wo did not offer any details about Yee Jock Leong’s shaving ceremony other than where it was held.

Yee Kim Wo, Wong Shee and Yee Jock Leong left San Francisco for China in K.S. 12th year, 9th month (circa October 1886) on board the S.S. Gaelic (right). The Gaelic, built by Harland & Wolff of Belfast, Northern Ireland, for the White Star Line, was launched on February 28, 1885, and made Pacific crossings for the Occidental & Oriental Steamship Co., from 1885 to 1904. What was arguably the ship’s most historic voyage ended on January 13, 1903, when the ship arrived in Honolulu, Hawaii, with 102 Korean passengers — the first Korean immigrants to what is now the United States. The Gaelic was overhauled by Harland & Wolff in 1905 and sold to the Pacific Steam Navigation Co. the same year, but was retired and broken up in 1907.

Yee Kim Wo settled Wong Shee and Yee Jock Leong in Lee Yin Village, Sun Ning District, in what is now Guangdong Province in southern China. They lived in a five-room house consisting of two bedrooms, two kitchens and a sitting room. Yee Jock Leong, in an immigration interview in 1903, said the house was on the third alley, fourth house from the corner. Yee Kim Wo, in an interview the same year, said that the house was on the second alley, third house from the corner. Both agreed that a river lay in front of the village and hills lay in back. and that the nearest marketplace was Gong May (Gong Mei), about two blocks (between one and two lees) from their home. Yee Kim Wo said their nearest neighbor was a widow, Soo Ho Shee. Her husband was named Yee Foon. (His married name was Yee Jung Toong.) Yee Jock Leong mentioned another neighbor, Yee Wah Due, whose father, Lee Jung Toon, had previously owned the house where Yee Wah Due lived.

Yee Kim Wo returned to the United States without his family one year later, in K.S. 13th year, 9th month (circa October 1887).

Passage between the United States and China took several weeks, and often included stops at several ports, such as Shanghai, China, and Yokohama, Japan, along the way.

The image at right shows Chinese passengers eating on the deck of the S.S. China about 1901. Note that they are using the huge coil of rope as a rug.

Yee Kim Wo departed San Francisco again on K.S. 16th year, 10th month, 26th day (December 7, 1891) on board the Gaelic. This time he stayed in China for four years, and while there he and Wong Shee had two more children, a son, Yee Suey Leong, and a daughter, Yee Yah Yit. Yee Suey Leong was born circa 1892 and Yee Yah Yit was born circa 1894.

Yee Kim Wo returned to the United States in K.S. 21st year, 4th month (May 27, 1895) on board the S.S. China (above and right). (The S.S. China was involved in a historical event when a General F.V. Green and detachment of troops from the U.S. Philippine Expeditionary Force annexed Wake Island for the United States on July 4, 1898.)

About 1900 Yee Kim Wo joined the firm of Kow Kee Jan & Co., a general merchandise firm at 840 Clay Street in San Francisco. Yee Kim Wo was interviewed at the firm prior to Yee Jock Leong’s return to the United States on April 22, 1903, and Yee Kim Wo is listed as a partner in the firm on May 25, 1903, and on January 8, 1904. U.S. authorities required Chinese businesses to list all partners and the amount of their investment. The CEA prohibited the immigration of laborers, and the government went to great lengths to document whether or not merchants were actually merchants. Immigration authorities could not believe the word of Chinese merchants alone, and interviewed several white businessmen — including James R. Neutzel and William J. Gardner — to corroborate Yee Kim Wo’s contention that he was a merchant. The white businessmen signed an affidavit certifying Yee Kim Wo’s merchant status on April 22, 1903.

Yee Jock Leong later said that Yee Kim Wo returned to China in 1906 and never returned (as of April 14, 1914). Chinatown was destroyed in the great San Francisco earthquake and fire was on April 18, 1906. I do not know if Yee Kim Wo left prior to the earthquake, but is is possible that the disaster prompted his departure.

MECHANICSVILLE, Va. (DML) — Yee Jock Leong was born—according to his birth certificate—on January 15, 1884, at 741 Sacramento Street in San Francisco. (I have reason to believe that his birthdate was Febuary 15, 1884, as I will explain later.) I learned this from a typed copy of his birth certificate that was in the material that was in the possession of my grandmother, Yee Jock-Leong’s daughter Yut-Seul Yee, at the time she died on June 12, 1979. The certificate said his parents were Yee Kim Wo and Wong Shee.

For years, I wondered if the birth certificate was some kind of fake, but in his CEA file I found original copies of his birth certificate, issued on June 21, 1904, by the Office of the County Recorder, City and County of San Francisco. The birth certificate refers to an affidavit of Wong Shee, but the affidavit was not included in the CEA file. Many San Francisco records were destroyed in the earthquake and fire of 1906, so I do not know if Wong Shee’s affidavit still exists.

The original birth certificate includes a photograph of a 19-year-old Yee Jock Leong (above). The photograph must have been taken in China, for documents with versions of the photography arrived in the United States prior to Yee Jock Leong’s return.

MECHANICSVILLE, Va. (DML) — My great-grandmother burned a lot of my great-grandfather’s belongings after his death. I assume we lost quite a bit of family information in the flames.

Very few documents survived the flames, such as letters written in classical Chinese.  I cannot make much sense out of what is left, but I can fill in a few details of his life from what little evidence remains.  For instance, the two cards above are—I am told—both his and that one is a birth name (presumably the one at left) and the other is a married name.  He often went by the name of Yee Jackson, which causes much confusion as  Jackson is listed as his surname in some official records. The photo at right shows Yee Jock Leong in what I believe to be the 1930s.

In March 2004, I traveled to San Francisco to visit the Pacific Region office of the National Archives and Records Administration (which is actually located in San Bruno, California). There I discovered that a Chinese Exclusion Act (CEA) file on him. While I am still angry at the level of persecution faced by Chinese and other immigrants who tried (and still try) to enter this country, CEA files contain a gold mine of information for those researching their Asian ancestry. (Note that the laws were expanded to exclude immigrants from other nations.)

There may have been more records in the San Francisco area at one time, but many documents about Chinese and other Asian immigrants held by U.S. immigration authorities were destroyed by a 1940 fire at the Angel Island Immigration Station in San Francisco Bay (the entry point for many Asian immigrants on the West Coast). I have reason to believe—by references to documents concerning my great-great-grandfather, Yee Kim Wo—that more records once existed.

I learned a lot about my great-grandfather’s family from the San Francisco trip. To compare what I’ve learned, compare this page to its predecessor.

Subsequent posts will reveal more of what (little) I know of Yee Jock Leong’s life. . .